Actuarial Exam Blog

Conditional Probability and Bayes' Theorem for Actuaries

Learn conditional probability and Bayes' Theorem with actuarial examples for Exam P.

2026-09-04

Discrete Random Variables: PMF, CDF, and Expected Value

Understand discrete random variables, probability mass functions, and expected values for Exam P.

2026-09-05

Continuous Random Variables: PDF, CDF, and Percentiles

Master continuous distributions, density functions, and percentile calculations for Exam P.

2026-09-06

Binomial Distribution: Properties, Formulas, and Exam P Applications

Study the binomial distribution, its properties, and typical Exam P applications.

2026-09-07

Poisson Distribution: Derivation, Properties, and Insurance Applications

Explore the Poisson distribution, its derivation from the binomial, and insurance applications.

2026-09-08

Normal Distribution: Z-Scores, Standard Normal, and CLT for Exam P

Review the normal distribution, z-scores, and central limit theorem applications for Exam P.

2026-09-09

Exponential Distribution: Memoryless Property and Survival Models

Understand the exponential distribution, its memoryless property, and survival model applications.

2026-09-10

Uniform Distribution: Continuous and Discrete for Exam P

Review both continuous and discrete uniform distributions and their Exam P applications.

2026-09-11

Gamma Distribution: Shape, Rate, and Connection to Poisson

Study the gamma distribution, its parameters, and its connection to the Poisson process.

2026-09-12

Joint Distributions: Bivariate Random Variables for Exam P

Learn joint distributions, joint PMFs and PDFs for bivariate random variables on Exam P.

2026-09-13

Marginal and Conditional Distributions for Actuarial Exam P

Derive marginal and conditional distributions from joint distributions for Exam P.

2026-09-14

Covariance and Correlation: Measuring Dependence for Exam P

Learn covariance and correlation calculations and their meaning for Exam P.

2026-09-15

Moment Generating Functions: Theory and Applications

Master moment generating functions and their use in identifying distributions for Exam P.

2026-09-16

Transformations of Random Variables for Exam P

Learn how to find distributions of transformed random variables for Exam P.

2026-09-17

Order Statistics: Min, Max, and Range for Actuarial Applications

Study order statistics and their role in actuarial modeling for Exam P.

2026-09-18

Central Limit Theorem: Statement, Proof Sketch, and Applications

Understand the Central Limit Theorem and how to apply it on Exam P.

2026-09-19

Law of Large Numbers: Weak and Strong Forms for Actuaries

Learn both forms of the Law of Large Numbers and their actuarial significance.

2026-09-20

Deductibles and Policy Limits: Insurance Applications of Probability

Apply probability concepts to deductibles and policy limits for Exam P.

2026-09-21

Loss Distributions: Modeling Insurance Claims with Probability

Explore how probability distributions model insurance claim amounts for Exam P.

2026-09-22

Mixture Distributions and Their Actuarial Applications

Understand mixture distributions and how they model heterogeneous insurance portfolios.

2026-09-23

Survival Functions and Hazard Rates for Exam P

Study survival functions, hazard rates, and their connections for Exam P.

2026-09-24

Expected Value and Variance: Computational Techniques for Exam P

Master computational shortcuts for expected values and variances on Exam P.

2026-09-25

Multivariate Normal Distribution Basics for Exam P

Learn the bivariate and multivariate normal distribution fundamentals for Exam P.

2026-09-26

Probability Inequalities: Chebyshev, Markov, and Jensen

Review essential probability inequalities for Exam P: Chebyshev, Markov, and Jensen.

2026-09-27

Double Expectation and Total Variance Formulas

Master the law of total expectation and total variance for Exam P.

2026-09-28

Compound Distributions: Frequency and Severity Models

Learn compound distributions combining frequency and severity for Exam P.

2026-09-29

Tail Probabilities and Heavy-Tailed Distributions

Understand tail behavior and heavy-tailed distributions for Exam P.

2026-09-30

Convolutions and Sums of Random Variables for Exam P

Learn convolution techniques for finding distributions of sums on Exam P.

2026-10-01

Exam P Formula Sheet: Every Formula You Need to Memorize

A comprehensive formula sheet covering every key formula for SOA Exam P.

2026-10-02

Time Value of Money: Present and Future Value for Exam FM

Understand present value, future value, and the time value of money for Exam FM.

2026-10-03

Simple vs. Compound Interest: Fundamentals for Actuaries

Compare simple and compound interest and their formulas for Exam FM.

2026-10-04

Effective and Nominal Interest Rates for Exam FM

Master the conversion between effective and nominal interest rates for Exam FM.

2026-10-05

Force of Interest: Continuous Compounding for Actuaries

Understand the force of interest and continuous compounding for Exam FM.

2026-10-06

Annuities-Immediate: Present and Accumulated Value Formulas

Master annuity-immediate formulas for present and accumulated values on Exam FM.

2026-10-07

Annuities-Due: Timing Differences and Key Formulas for Exam FM

Learn annuity-due formulas and how they differ from annuities-immediate for Exam FM.

2026-10-08

Deferred Annuities and Perpetuities for Exam FM

Study deferred annuities and perpetuities and their Exam FM applications.

2026-10-09

Increasing and Decreasing Annuities for Exam FM

Learn increasing and decreasing annuity formulas for Exam FM.

2026-10-10

Amortization Schedules: Principal and Interest Breakdown

Master loan amortization schedules and payment breakdowns for Exam FM.

2026-10-11

Sinking Funds: How They Work and Exam FM Calculations

Understand sinking fund loan repayment and its comparison to amortization for Exam FM.

2026-10-12

Bond Pricing: Par, Premium, and Discount Bonds for Actuaries

Learn bond pricing formulas and par, premium, and discount concepts for Exam FM.

2026-10-13

Bond Amortization: Book Value and Premium/Discount Schedules

Study bond amortization schedules and book value calculations for Exam FM.

2026-10-14

Callable Bonds and Yield Calculations for Exam FM

Understand callable bonds and yield rate calculations for Exam FM.

2026-10-15

Exam Guides4 min read

Term Structure of Interest Rates: Spot and Forward Rates

Study spot rates, forward rates, and the term structure of interest rates for Exam FM.

2026-10-16

Duration and Convexity: Interest Rate Risk for Exam FM

Learn Macaulay duration, modified duration, and convexity for Exam FM.

2026-10-17

Immunization Strategies for Bond Portfolios

Study immunization theory and strategies for protecting bond portfolios on Exam FM.

2026-10-18

Asset-Liability Matching: Redington and Full Immunization

Compare Redington immunization, full immunization, and cash flow matching for Exam FM.

2026-10-19

Loan Repayment Methods: Level Payment and Non-Level

Compare level payment, non-level, and other loan repayment methods for Exam FM.

2026-10-20

Reinvestment Risk and Modified Duration for Exam FM

Understand reinvestment risk and its interaction with modified duration for Exam FM.

2026-10-21

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return for Actuaries

Master NPV and IRR calculations for capital budgeting on Exam FM.

2026-10-22

Determinants of Interest Rates: Inflation, Risk, and Liquidity

Explore the factors that determine interest rates for Exam FM.

2026-10-23

Forward Contracts and Futures: Basics for Exam FM

Learn the fundamentals of forward contracts and futures for Exam FM.

2026-10-24

Options Pricing: Put-Call Parity for Exam FM

Understand options basics and put-call parity for Exam FM.

2026-10-25

Swaps: Interest Rate and Currency Swaps for Actuaries

Learn the mechanics of interest rate and currency swaps for Exam FM.

2026-10-26

Hedging Strategies Using Derivatives for Exam FM

Explore hedging with forwards, options, and other derivatives for Exam FM.

2026-10-27

Dollar-Weighted vs. Time-Weighted Returns

Compare dollar-weighted and time-weighted rate of return for Exam FM.

2026-10-28

Stock Valuation: Dividend Discount Model for Exam FM

Learn the dividend discount model and stock valuation methods for Exam FM.

2026-10-29

Short Selling and Margin Requirements for Exam FM

Understand short selling mechanics and margin requirements for Exam FM.

2026-10-30

Inflation-Indexed Bonds and Real vs. Nominal Rates

Study inflation-indexed bonds and the distinction between real and nominal rates for Exam FM.

2026-10-31

Exam FM Formula Sheet: Every Formula You Need to Memorize

A comprehensive formula sheet covering every key formula for SOA Exam FM.

2026-11-01

Linear Regression: Assumptions, Estimation, and Inference for Exam SRM

Master simple linear regression fundamentals for SOA Exam SRM.

2026-11-02

Multiple Linear Regression: Model Building for Actuaries

Learn multiple linear regression, interpretation, and model building for Exam SRM.

2026-11-03

Variable Selection Methods: Forward, Backward, Stepwise for Exam SRM

Study automated variable selection methods for building regression models on Exam SRM.

2026-11-04